This paper explores how changes in energy intensity and the switch to renewables can boost economic growth.
To do so, we implement a dynamic panel data approach on a sample of 134 countries over the period 1960 to
2010. We incorporate a set of control variables, related to human and physical capital, socio-economic conditions,
policies and institutions, which have been widely used in the literature on economic growth. Given the current
state of technology, improving energy intensity is growth enhancing at the worldwide level. Moreover, conditional to energy intensity, moving from fossil fuels to frontier renewables (wind, solar, wave or geothermic) is
also positively correlated with growth. Our results are robust to the specification of the dynamic panel with
respect to alternative approaches (pooled OLS, within group or system GMM), and to alternative specifications
(accounting for heterogeneity across countries, a set of institutional factors, and other technical aspects).
